AFCI Circuit Breakers

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Arc-Fault Circuit Breakers (AFCI)

The “AFCI” is an arc fault circuit interrupter. AFCIs are newly-developed electrical devices designed to protect against
fires caused by arcing faults in the home electrical wiring.

THE FIRE PROBLEM

Annually, over 40,000 fires are attributed to home electrical wiring. These fires result in over 350 deaths and over
1,400 injuries each year. Arcing faults are one of the major causes of these fires. When unwanted arcing occurs, it
generates high temperatures that can ignite nearby combustibles such as wood, paper, and carpets. Arcing faults
often occur in damaged or deteriorated wires and cords. Some causes of damaged and deteriorated wiring include
puncturing of wire insulation from picture hanging or cable staples, poorly installed outlets or switches, cords caught
in doors or under furniture, furniture pushed against plugs in an outlet, natural aging, and cord exposure to heat
vents and sunlight.

HOW THE AFCI WORKS

Conventional circuit breakers only respond to overloads and short circuits; so they do not protect against arcing
conditions that produce erratic current flow. An AFCI is selective so that normal arcs do not cause it to trip. The AFCI
circuitry continuously monitors current flow through the AFCI. AFCIs use unique current sensing circuitry to
discriminate between normal and unwanted arcing conditions. Once an unwanted arcing condition is detected, the
control circuitry in the AFCI trips the internal contacts, thus de-energizing the circuit and reducing the potential for a
fire to occur. An AFCI should not trip during normal arcing conditions, which can occur when a switch is opened or a
plug is pulled from a receptacle. Presently, AFCIs are designed into conventional circuit breakers combining traditional
overload and short-circuit protection with arc fault protection. AFCI circuit breakers (AFCIs) have a test button and
look similar to ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) circuit breakers. Some designs combine GFCI and AFCI
protection. Additional AFCI design configurations are anticipated in the near future. It is important to note that AFCIs
are designed to mitigate the effects of arcing faults but cannot eliminate them completely. In some cases, the initial
arc may cause ignition prior to detection and circuit interruption by the AFCI. The AFCI circuit breaker serves a dual
purpose – not only will it shut off electricity in the event of an “arcing fault”, but it will also trip when a short circuit or
an overload occurs. The AFCI circuit breaker provides protection for the branch circuit wiring and limited protection
for power cords and extension cords. Single-pole, 15- and 20- ampere AFCI circuit breakers are presently available.

WHERE AFCIs SHOULD BE USED

The 1999 edition of the National Electrical Code, the model code for electrical wiring adopted by many local
jurisdictions, requires AFCIs for receptacle outlets in bedrooms, effective January 1, 2002 and most areas have now
adopted the 2008 NEC codes and now are requiring ACFI breakers in all circuits of the living areas of the house.
Older homes with aging and deteriorating wiring systems can especially benefit from the added protection of AFCIs.
AFCIs should also be considered whenever adding or upgrading a panel box while using existing branch circuit
conductors.

INSTALLING AFCIs

AFCI circuit breakers should be installed by a qualified electrician. The installer should follow the instructions
accompanying the device and the panel box. In homes equipped with conventional circuit breakers rather than fuses,
an AFCI circuit breaker may be installed in the panel box in place of the conventional circuit breaker to add arc
protection to a branch circuit. Homes with fuses are limited to receptacle or portable-type AFCIs, which are expected
to be available in the near future, or AFCI circuit breakers can be added in separate panel boxes next to the fuse
panel box.

TESTING AN AFCI

AFCIs should be tested after installation to make sure they are working properly and protecting the circuit.
Subsequently, AFCIs should be tested once a month to make sure they are working properly and providing protection
from fires initiated by arcing faults. A test button is located on the front of the device. The user should follow the
instructions accompanying the device. If the device does not trip when tested, the AFCI is defective and should be
replaced.

AFCIs vs. GFCIs

The AFCI should not be confused with the GFCI or ground fault circuit interrupter. The GFCI is designed to protect
people from severe or fatal electric shocks while the AFCI protects against fires caused by arcing faults. The GFCI
also can protect against some electrical fires by detecting arcing and other faults to ground but cannot detect
hazardous across-the-line arcing faults that can cause fires. A ground fault is an unintentional electric path diverting
current to ground. Ground faults occur when current leaks from a circuit. How the current leaks is very important. If a
person’s body provides a path to ground for this leakage, the person could be injured, burned, severely shocked, or
electrocuted.

The National Electrical Code requires GFCI protection for receptacles located outdoors; in bathrooms, garages,
kitchens, crawl spaces and unfinished basements; and at certain locations such as near swimming pools. A
combination AFCI and GFCI can be used to satisfy the NEC requirement for GFCI protection only if specifically
marked as a combination device.